Basic Types In Kotlin, everything is an object in the sense that we can call member functions and properties on any variable. Some types are built-in, because their implementation is optimized, but to the user they look like ordinary classes. In this section we describe most of these types: numbers, characters, booleans and arrays. Numbers Kotlin handles numbers in a way close to Java, but not exactly the same. For example, there are no implicit widening conversions for numbers, and literals are slightly different in some cases. Kotlin provides the following built-in types representing numbers (this is close to Java): Type Bit width Double 64 Float 32 Long 64 Int 32 Short 16 Byte 8 Note that characters are not numbers in Kotlin. Literal Constants There are the following kinds of literal constants for integral values: Decimals: 123 Longs are tagged by a capital L : 123L Hexadecimals: 0x0F Binaries: 0b00001011 NOTE: Octal literals a...